Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Myung Hee Shin

10 Articles

Ten Year Trend of Cancer Incidence in Seoul, Korea: 1993-2002.: Myung Hee Shin, Hyun Kyung Oh, Yoon Ok Ahn; J Prev Med Public Health. 2008;41(2):92-99.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.2.92

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OBJECTIVES
Effective cancer prevention and control measures can only be done when dependable data on the cancer incidence is available. The Seoul Cancer Registry (SCR) was founded to provide valid, comparable and representative cancer incidence data for Koreans. We aimed to compare the cancer incidence in the first (1993-1997) and second term (1998-2002) of the SCR, and we analyzed the annual incidence trend during that 10 years. METHODS: The SCR detects potential cancer cases through the Korean Central Cancer Registry (KCCR) data, the health insurance claims, the individual hospital's discharge records and the death certificates. About 87% of the SCR data is registered through the KCCR. The rest of the data is registered by SCR registrars who visit about 70~80 mid-sized hospitals in Seoul to review and abstract the medical records of the potential cancer patients. RESULTS: The total number of new cancer cases was higher in 1998~2002 than in 1993~1997 by 20.6% for men and 18.4% for women, respectively. The age-standardized rate (ASR) of total cancer per 100,000 increased 1% (from 295.4 to 298.3) for men and 5.1% (from 181.5 to 190.7) for women, between the two periods. The commonest cancer sites during 1998-2002 for men were stomach, liver, bronchus/lung, colorectum, bladder and prostate, and the commonest cancer sites for women were breast, stomach, colorectum, cervix uteri, thyroid and bronchus/lung. Compared with the ASRs in 1993, the ASRs in 2002 increased for colorectum (58.4% for men, 27.1% for women), prostate (81.5%), breast (58.3% for women), thyroid (141% for women), and bronchus/lung (15.4% for women). The ASRs for stomach (-18.7% for men, -20.7% for women) and uterine cervix cancer (-39.7%) had decreased. CONCLUSIONS: The cancer incidence is increasing in Seoul, Korea, especially for the colorectum and prostate for men, and for the breast, colorectum, bronchus/lung and thyroid for women.

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Common Causes of Postmenopausal Bleeding in Korean Women: 10-Year Outcomes from a Single Medical Center
Min Kyoung Kim, Yeon Soo Jung, Seung Joo Chon, Bo Hyon Yun, SiHyun Cho, Young Sik Choi, Byung Seok Lee, Seok Kyo Seo
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Changes of Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Survival Outcomes of Anaplastic and Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
Doh Young Lee, Jae-Kyung Won, Se-Hoon Lee, Do Joon Park, Kyeong Cheon Jung, Myung-Whun Sung, Hong-Gyun Wu, Kwang Hyun Kim, Young Joo Park, J. Hun Hah
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Breast Cancer Trend in Iran from 2000 to 2009 and Prediction till 2020 using a Trend Analysis Method
Bibihajar Zahmatkesh, Afsaneh Keramat, Nasrinossadat Alavi, Ahmad Khosravi, Ahmad Kousha, Ali Ghanbari Motlagh, Mahboobeh Darman, Elham Partovipour, Reza Chaman
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention.2016; 17(3): 1493. CrossRef
The study for the Epidemiologic Characteristics of Cancer Patients in Jeju Special Self-governing Province
Weon-Young Chang
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2015; 16(2): 1292. CrossRef
Interaction Effect between Weight Perception and Comorbidities on Weight Control Behavior in Overweight and Obese Adults: Is There a Sex Difference?
Jun Hyun Hwang, Dong Hee Ryu, Soon-Woo Park
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Diagnosis and Treatment of <i>Helicobacter Pylori</i> Infection: Korean and Overseas Guidelines
Ji Min Choi, Sang Gyun Kim
The Korean Journal of Medicine.2015; 89(2): 157. CrossRef
Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in Korea, 2013 revised edition
Sang Gyun Kim, Hye‐Kyung Jung, Hang Lak Lee, Jae Young Jang, Hyuk Lee, Chan Gyoo Kim, Woon Geon Shin, Ein Soon Shin, Yong Chan Lee
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Current status of functional dyspepsia in Korea
Hyuk Lee, Hye-Kyung Jung, Kyu Chan Huh
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2014; 29(2): 156. CrossRef
Overview of Cancer Registration Research in the Asian Pacific from 2008-2013
Malcolm A. Moore
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention.2013; 14(8): 4461. CrossRef
Effect of Rubus coreanus Miquel on prostate tumour growth
Eun Young Baek, Seung Min Lee, Jung eun Lee, Eunkyo Park, Yuri Kim, In-Kyung Jung, Jung-Hyun Kim
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Thyroid Cancer is the Most Common Cancer in Women, Based on the Data from Population-based Cancer Registries, South Korea
S.-S. Kweon, M.-H. Shin, I.-J. Chung, Y.-J. Kim, J.-S. Choi
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A Study on Ten Years Trend of Cancer Incidence and Evaluation of Quality of Cancer Registration in Daejeon Metropolitan City and Chungcheongnam-Do, Korea: 2000-2009
Un-Je Park, Hae-Seong Nam, Kwang-Hwan Kim, Chang-Soo Park, In-Sun Kwon, Jeong-A Kim, Tae-Yong Lee
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2013; 14(3): 1234. CrossRef
Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment ofHelicobacter pyloriInfection in Korea, 2013 Revised Edition
Sang Gyun Kim, Hye-Kyung Jung, Hang Lak Lee, Jae Young Jang, Hyuk Lee, Chan Gyoo Kim, Woon Geon Shin, Ein Soon Shin, Yong Chan Lee
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Recurrence of Colorectal Neoplasm Cannot Be Predicted by Sonic Hedgehog Expression in the Normal Colonic Tissue
Ji Young Lee, Sun-Young Lee, Hye Seung Han, So Young Kim, Sung Noh Hong, Jeong Hwan Kim, In Kyung Sung, Hyung Seok Park, Chan Sup Shim, Choon Jo Jin
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Current status of robotic colorectal surgery
Jung Myun Kwak, Seon Hahn Kim
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The Prevalence and Features of Korean Gout Patients Using the National Health Insurance Corporation Database
Chan Hee Lee, Na Young Sung
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Characteristics of Gastric Cancer in Korea - with an Emphasis on the Increase of the Early Gastric Cancer (EGC)
Ki Joo Kang, Jun Haeng Lee
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2010; 53(4): 283. CrossRef
Diagnosis of Functional Dyspepsia: a Systematic Review
Hye-kyung Jung, Bo Ra Keum, Yoon Ju Jo, Sam Ryong Jee, Poong-Lyul Rhee, Young Woo Kang
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Differences in Expression of VEGF-A, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2 and Microvessel Density in Colorectal Cancer with Liver Metastasis
Eun Hui Jeong, Young Kim, Byeong Woo Min, Kyung Hwa Lee, Hyun Soo Kim, Jae Hyuk Lee
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Colonoscopy screening for individuals aged 40–49 years with a family history of stomach cancer in Korea
Yong Sung Choi, Jung Pil Suh, Doo Seok Lee, Eui Gon Youk, In Taek Lee, Suk Hee Lee, Do Sun Kim, Doo Han Lee
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Cancer in Patients on Chronic Dialysis in Korea
Jung Eun Lee, Seung Hyeok Han, Byoung Chul Cho, Jung Tak Park, Tae Hyun Yoo, Beom Seok Kim, Hyeong Cheon Park, Shin-Wook Kang, Ho Yung Lee, Dae-Suk Han, Sung Kyu Ha, Kyu Hun Choi
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A Phase II Trial of Paclitaxel, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and Cisplatin in Patients with Metastatic or Recurrent Gastric Cancer
Gun Hi Kang, Gwang Sil Kim, Hyo Rak Lee, Young Jin Yuh, Sung Rok Kim
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Socioeconomic Disparities in Breast Cancer Screening among US Women: Trends from 2000 to 2005
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Relationship between the Source of Energy Intake and Obesity in Korean Women Using the Average of Four 3-day Dietary Records.: Myung Hee Shin, Mi Ock Yoon, Seok Jin Nam, Yun Mi Song; J Prev Med Public Health. 2007;40(1):45-50.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.1.45

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Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the contributions of macronutrients to the total energy intakes and Body Mass Indices (BMI, kg/m2) of Korean women. METHODS: We used dietary records data from 115 healthy Korean women, ages 20 and over, who completed four 3-day dietary records between February 2003 and March 2004. For the calculation of nutrients we used a dietary assessment program developed by the Korean Nutritional Society. Macronutrient intakes were estimated by averaging individual total daily intakes in four 3-day dietary records. Subjects were categorized into three Body Mass Index (BMI) groups: underweight (BMI<20), normal (20< or =BMI<25), and overweight (BMI> or =25) group. RESULTS: The total energy intakes were not different among the three BMI groups. Similarly, other macronutrient intakes such as protein, fat, carbohydrate, vegetable protein, animal protein, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were not different. From the multivariate nutrient density model, substituting polyunsaturated fatty acid for carbohydrate was positively associated with BMI in women aged 20 to 49 (beta=2.31, p<0.01). In women aged 50 and over, substituting animal protein for carbohydrate was positively associated with BMI (beta=0.549, p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: No single macronutrient was associated with BMI when all subjects were combined. However, when stratified by age, polyunsaturated fatty acid intake in younger women, and animal protein intake in older women, were positively associated with BMI. In the future, we recommend a larger study to confirm these results.

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Carbohydrate-to-fat ratio affects food intake and body weight in Wistar rats
Ren-Ying Xu, Yan-Ping Wan, Qing-Ya Tang, Jiang Wu, Wei Cai
Experimental Biology and Medicine.2010; 235(7): 833. CrossRef
The Effect of Nutrition Education and Excercise Program on Body Composition and Dietary Intakes, Blood Lipid and Physical Fitness in Obese Women
Hee Seung Lee, Ji Won Lee, Namsoo Chang, Ji-Myung Kim
The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2009; 42(8): 759. CrossRef

Incidence and Risk Factors for Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Middle-aged Men: Seoul Cohort DM Follow-up Study.: Dong Hyun Kim, Yoon Ok Ahn, Sung Woo Park, Moon Gi Choi, Dae Sung Kim, Moo Song Lee, Myung Hee Shin, Jong Myon Bae; Korean J Prev Med. 1999;32(4):526-537.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
It is known that the prevalence of diabetes mellitus(DM) appears to be rapidly increasing in recent times in Korea, presumably due to a westernized diet and change of life style followed by rapid economic growth. Based on the Seoul male cohort which was constructed in 1993, this study was conducted to estimate the annual incidence rates of DM through 4 years' follow up and to determine which factors are associated with DM risk in Korean middle-aged men. METHODS: Among 14,533 men recruited at baseline, 559 were excluded because they reported a history of diabetes or were found to be diabetes at 1992 routine health examination. During 4 years follow-up, 237 incident DM cases were ascertained through chart reviews and telephone contacts for those who have ever visited hospitals or clinics under suspicion of DM during 1993-1996 and the biennial routine health examinations in 1994 and 1996. RESULTS: In this study the annual incidence of DM among the study population was estimated to be 0.5 per 100. This study showed that fasting glucose level at initial baseline examination was a powerful predictor of risk for diabetes several years later(fasting blood glucose of > or = 110 mg/dl compared with < or = 80 mg/dl, Hazard Ratio[HR]=15.6, 95% Confidence interval[CI]=9.1-26.6) after considering potential covariates such as age, family history, smoking and alcohol history, body mass index, physical activity, total energy intake, and total fiber intake. Adjusted hazard ratios of family history of diabetes was 1.95(95% CI=1.38-2.75); of obesity as measured by BMI(BMI > or = 25.3 compared with < or = 21.3) was 7.19(95% CI=3.75-13.8); of weight change during middle life(>10kg compared with 5) was 1.77(95% CI=1.16-2.69); of smoking(current vs none) was 1.93(95% CI=1.06-3.51); and fat intake(upper tertile compared with lower tertile) was 1.88(95% CI=1.01-3.49), while fiber intake was associated with the reduced risk(HR=0.36, 95% CI=0.19-0.67). CONCLUSION: The factors identified in this study indicate that the greatest reduction in risk of diabetes might be achieved through population-based efforts that promote fiber intake and reduce obesity, smoking, and fat intake.; Summary

A Cohort Study on Risk Factors for Chronic Liver Disease: Analytic Strategies Excluding Potentially Incident Subjects.: Moo Song Lee, Dae Sung Kim, Dong Hyun Kim, Jong Myun Bae, Myung Hee Shin, Yoon Ok Ahn; Korean J Prev Med. 1999;32(4):452-458.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The authors conducted the study to evaluate bias when potentially diseased subjects were included in cohort members while analyzing risk factors of chronic liver diseases. METHODS: Total of 14,529 subjects were followed up for the incidence of liver diseases from January 1993 to June 1997. We have used databases of insurance company with medical records, cancer registry, and death certificate data to identify 102 incident cases. The cohort members were classified into potentially diseased group(n=2,217) when they were HBsAg positive, serum GPT levels higher than 40 units, or had or has liver diseases in baseline surveys. Cox' model were used for potentially diseased group, other members, and total subjects, respectively. RESULTS: The risk factors profiles were similar for total and potentially diseased subjects: HBsAg positivity, history of acute liver disease, and recent quittance of smoking or drinking increased the risk, while intake of pork and coffee decreased it. For the potentially diseased, obesity showed marginally significant protective effect. Analysis of subjects excluding the potentially diseased showed distinct profiles: obesity increased the risk, while quitting smoking or drinking had no association. For these intake of raw liver or processed fish or soybean paste stew increased risk; HBsAg positivity, higher levels of liver enzymes and history of acute liver diseases increased the risk. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested the potential bias in risk ratio estimates when potentially diseased subjects were included in cohort study on chronic liver diseases, especially for lifestyles possibly modified after disease onset. The analytic strategy excluding potentially diseased subjects was considered appropriate for identifying risk factors for chronic liver diseases.; Summary

A Cohort Study of Physical Activity and All Cause Mortality in Middle-aged Men in Seoul.: Dae Sung Kim, Hye Won Koo, Dong Hyon Kim, Jong Myon Bae, Myung Hee Shin, Moo Song Lee, Chung Min Lee, Yoon Ok Ahn; Korean J Prev Med. 1998;31(4):604-615.

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Abstract PDF: Although previous studies revealed the association of physical activity with mortality rate, it is unclear whether there is a linear trend between physical activity and mortality rate. In this study, the association of physical activity with the risk of all-cause mortality was analysed using Cox's proportional hazard model for a cohort of 14,204 healthy Korean men aged 40-59 years followed up for 4 years(Jan. 1993 - Dec. 1996). Physical activity and other life style were surveyed by a postal questionnaire in December 1992. Total of 14,204 subjects were grouped into quartiles by physical activity. Using death certificate data, 123 deaths were identified. The second most active quartile had a lowest mortality rate with relative risk of 0.44(95% C.I.: 0.23-0.84) compared with most sedentary quartile, showing a J-shape pattern of physical activity-mortality curve. By examining the difference in proportion of cause of the death between most active quartile and the other quartiles, there was no significant difference of proportional mortality from cardiovascular deaths, cerebrovascular deaths or deaths from trauma. The covariates were stratified into two group between which the trend of RR was compared to test the effect modification. There was no remarkable effect modification by alcohol intake, smoking, body mass index, calorie consumption, percent fat consumption. In conclusion, moderate activity was found to have more protective effect on all-cause mortality than vigorous activity and that the J-shape pattern of physical activity-mortality curve was not due to the difference of mortality pattern or effect modification by alcohol intake, smoking, body mass index, calorie consumption and percent fat consumption.; Summary

Reliability for Multiple Reviewers by using Loglinear Models.: Byung Joo Park, Sung Im Lee, Young Jo Lee, Dong Hyun Kim, Ho Jang Kwon, Jong Myon Bae, Myung Hee Shin, Mi Na Ha, Sang Whan Han; Korean J Prev Med. 1997;30(4):719-728.

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Abstract PDF: To guarantee the inter-reviewer reliability is very important in evaluating the quality of large number of clinical research papers by multiple reviewers. We cannot find reports on statistical methods for evaluating reliability for multiple raters in clinical research field. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the statistical methods focused on kappa statistic and five kinds of loglinear models for, which can be applied when evaluating the reliability of multiple raters. We have applied these methods to the result of a project, in which seven reviewers have evaluated the quality of 33 papers with regard to four aspects of paper contents including study hypothesis, study design, study population, study method, data analysis and interpretation. Among the five loglinear models including Symmetry model, Conditional symmetry model, Quasi-symmetry model, Independence model, and Quasi-independence model, Quasi-symmetry model shows the best model of fitting. And the level of reliability among seven reviewers revealed to be acceptable as meaningful.; Summary

The effects of aircraft noise on the hearing loss, blood pressure and response to psychological stress.: Sang Hwan Han, Soo Hun Cho, Kyungshim Koh, Ho Jang Kwon, Mina Ha, Yeong Su Ju, Myung Hee Shin; Korean J Prev Med. 1997;30(2):356-368.

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Abstract PDF: In effort to determine whether aircraft noise can have health effects such as hearing loss, hypertension and psychological stress, a total of 111 male professors and administrative officers working a college near a military airport in Korea(exposed group) and a total of 168 males and 112 females matched by age groups(control groups) were analyzed. Personal noise exposure and indoor and outdoor sound level of jet aircraft noise were measured at the exposed area. And pure tone, air conduction test and measurement of blood pressure were given to the exposed(males) and matched control groups(males and females). BEPSI(Brief Encounter Psychological Instrument) and psychological response to aircraft noise were examined for the exposed group. The noise dosimetry results revealed time-weighted averages(TWAs) that ranged from 61 to 68 dBA. However the levels encountered during taking off jet airplanes reached 126 dBA for two half minutes time period. The audiometric test showed that mean values of HTL(hearing threshold level) in exposed group at every frequency(500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, and 8,000 Hz were much lower than them of male and female control groups. And in old age groups, interaction of age and noise was observed at 8,000 Hz in both ears(p< 0.05). Conclusively, aircraft noise does not appear to induce hearing loss directly, but may decreased hearing threshold level by interaction of aging process and noise exposure. However, difference of mean values of exposed and control groups on blood pressure was not significantly. In psychological test, annoyance was the most severe psychological response to noise in exposed group, but mean value of BEPSI was not correlated with job duration in exposed group; Summary

Association of Liver Dysfunction with Self-Medication History in Korean Healthy Male Adults.: Jong Myon Bae, Byung Joo Park, Moo Song Lee, Dong Hyun Kim, Myung Hee Shin, Yoon Ok Ahn; Korean J Prev Med. 1996;29(4):801-814.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Korean people could abuse healthy foods as well as medications, which might cause serious side effects. The aim of this study was elucidating liver dysfunction due to the self-medications of hepatotonics, healthy foods and herb medications by nested case-control study. METHODS: Study subjects were drawn from male members of seoul Cohort Study who were recruited by self-administered structured questionnaire survey through mailing to the healthy men between the age of 40 and 59 years through the program of biennial health check-up offered by Korea Medical Insurance Corporation(KMIC). The liver dysfunction was defined as the level of serum AST and ALT above 40 IU/L and increased in more than one hundred per-cent during the 2 year follow-up period. To estimate the odds ratio between self-medication and liver dysfunction after controlling for potential confounders, logistic regression was performed. RESULTS: During the follow-up period, 30 members were identified to fit into case criteria and 2,625 members were selected as control. In logistic regression analyses, history of healthy foods intake, age under 45 years, obesity, and habit of regular exercise were significantly associated with liver dysfunction. The following factors exhibited no statistical significance: intake of hepatotonics, of herb medicine; history of disease in family, of operation, and of radiologic examination; smoking habits and drinking amounts. CONCLUSION: The significant association between the intake of healthy foods and the liver dysfunction illustrates that chronically optional overuse of healthy foods might bring to hazards to health. As the increasing trend of the size of purchasing healthy foods in Korea, pharmacoepidemiologic studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of the widely used healthy foods should be performed in the near future.; Summary

Evaluation of the Completeness and Validity of the Registration in the Implementation Study of Seoul Cancer Registry(ISSCR).: Myung Hee Shin, Yoon Ok Ahn; Korean J Prev Med. 1994;27(4):735-746.

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Abstract PDF: The incidence data(1991.7.1~1992.6.30)from the Implementation study of seoul cancer Registry(lSSCR) were evaluated in terms of its completeness and validity. Two indicators for the completeness, Mortality/Incidence ratio(M/I ratio) and Age-specific Incidence Curve, showed fairy good registration throughout the age-sex specific strata, except the strata aged over 75 years old. The strata had very high M/I ratio(over 100%) and decreasing pattern of incidence, which suggested incomplete registration of cancer in this group. The active surveillance by a ISSCR staff improved the registration rate especially among elderlies. From the site specific M/I ratio, we found that liver cancer had oddly high M/I ratio. Since this high M/I ratio of liver cancer appears consistently in other reliable cancer registries, it is more like to be due to the highfatality of it rather than incomplete registration. The validity of the incidence data was assessed by three indicators; Histological verification (HV%), Primary Site Unknown (PSU%), and Age Unknown(Age UNK%). The average HV% were 77% for men and 85% for women, which were slightly lower than those of other reliable cancer registries This low HV% might be due to the considerable size of relative frequency of liver cancer in Korea, regarding the fact that the diagnosis of liver cancer is made mostly by non-biopsical radiologic methods (CT, Ultrasono, Angiography, MRl etc.). The level or PSU% and Age UNK% were in acceptable range, but not low enough, especially in terms of Age UNK%. Although ISSCR data had acceptable quality in general, it is needed to have more hospitals participate in the registry surveillance, to make registry data merged with death certificate data regularly, and educate the registration staffs to be more competent and dedicated.; Summary

The Effect of Coffee Consumption on Serum Total Cholesterol Level in Healthy Middle-Aged Men.: Myung Hee Shin, Dong Hyun Kim, Jong Myun Bae, Hyung Ki Lee, Moo Song Lee, Joon Yang Noh, Yoon Ok Ahn; Korean J Prev Med. 1994;27(2):200-216.

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Abstract PDF: In present study, the authors investigated the possible effect of coffee consumption on serum cholesterol level in 1017 men between the ages of 40 and 59 years, who were randomly selected from the members of Seoul Cohort Study. Serum total cholesterol data was collected with other serologic indices(e.g. systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, hight, weight, etc.)through the program of biennial health check-up offered by Korean Medical Insurance Corporation(KMIC). The amount of coffee consumption was assessed by a self-administered questionnaire through mailing. Other confounding factors, such as age, body mass index, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and other dietary intake pattern were also determined by the questionnaire. The differences in means of serum total cholesterol in compared to non consumers were -0.4+/-3.56mg/dl for those drinking less than 1 cup a day, -0.6+/-3.60mg/dl for those drinking 1 cup a day, and 7.1+/-3.41mg/dl for those drinking more than 2 cups a day. Since smoking interacted the relationship between coffee consumption and serum total cholesterol, we re-analyzed those relationship in smokers and non-smokers separately. Other atherogenic behaviors were well correlated with total cholesterol, so we adjusted the mean values of serum total cholesterol through multivariate model selection with age(r=0.12), total cigarette index(cigarette-years; r=0.10), Quetelet's index(kg/m2, r=0.16), daily calory expenditure(kcal/day, r=0.06), weekly meat and poultry consumption(g/week, r=0.05), weekly fish consumption(g/week, r=0.08), other caffeinated beverage intake(cups/week), and the amount of sugar and prim added to the coffee. Among those variables only age, Quetelet's index, fish consumption, and total cigarette index(in smokers)were remained in the models. After adjustment, the corresponding differences of total cholesterol in smokers were changed to 0.4+/-5.24mg/dl, -0.5+/-4.97mg/dl, and 8.9+/-4.78mg/dl, which were significantly different among themselves(P=0.011). In non-smokers, however, the differences were not statistically significant(P=0.76). Adjusted mean values of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were also determined to evaluate the direct effect of coffee to cardiovascular system, but their means were not significantly different by coffee consumption(p=0.18 for SBP, P=0.48 for DBP). Assuming instant coffee on the most popular type of coffee in Korea, the association observed in our study between coffee and serum total cholesterol, especially in smokers , is very interesting finding for the connection between coffee and serum total cholesterol, because only 'boiled coffee' tend to show significant lipid raising effect rather than to other types of coffee, like filtered or espresso, in most of the western countries. We concluded that people who drink coffee more than 2 cups a day have significantly higher serum total cholesterol level than those who never drink coffee, especially in smokers.; Summary

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